Figures

Figure showing the different scales of a battery pack components :

Figure showing the idea behind the distributed Randles circuits model :

Figure showing the idea behind modelling the effects of an internal short :

Figure showing the thick shell model : what the user sees versus what the EM solver internally rebuilds :

Figure showing the idea behind the batmac model. Rather than modelling all the internal layers, a few elements in the thickness are used and each node represents a region of 'macro effects' :

Figure showing  a rigid nail penetrating and eroding multiple cells modeled using BatMac. The subsequent internal short  causes a local temperature rise.